Spatiotemporal Variations and Determinants of Supply–Demand Balance of Ecosystem Service in Saihanba Region, China

Maintaining a supply–demand balance of ecosystem services (ES) is essential for enhancing the effectiveness restoration. However, inappropriate land use and reforestation practices can negatively impact this balance. In study, ES Saihanba region in China was quantified by integrating use/cover change (LUCC) data, landscape metrics, indicators. The relationship between its driving factors analyzed using spatial panel models. spatiotemporal changes patterns from 2002 to 2020 were also explored. results indicated that overall supply capacity study region, especially southwestern area, increased during research period. determining exhibited significant heterogeneity spillover effects. Large–scale afforestation local provided economic benefits, but it led ecological issues, including declines wetland area fragmentation. Our emphasized importance considering planning decision–making ES, providing insight into multifunctional management sustainable development area.